What is the primary hazard associated with alpha particles?

Alpha particles are indeed characterized by their low penetration ability. These particles are relatively heavy and positively charged, which means they interact strongly with matter. As a result, they can be stopped by just a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper, making them incapable of penetrating the outer layers of human skin. However, if alpha-emitting materials are ingested or inhaled, they can pose significant health risks due to their high ionizing potential in the tissues, which can lead to cellular damage.

In contrast, the other attributes related to radiation hazards do not apply primarily to alpha particles. For instance, their energy release is powerful, but it's the way they interact with materials—including their minimal range in air and inability to penetrate the skin—that determines their hazard profile. Thus, understanding these characteristics is crucial in radiation safety protocols, especially when it comes to handling alpha-emitting sources.